> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://overleaf-pro.ayaka.space/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://overleaf-pro.ayaka.space/latex/document-structure/01-sections-and-chapters.md). # Sections and chapters ## Introduction Documents usually have some form of “logical structure”: division into chapters, sections, sub-sections etc. to organize their content. LaTeX supports the creation of a document structure and also enables customization of sectioning and numbering. The commands available to organize a document depend on the document class being used, although the simplest form of organization, sectioning, is available in all formats. ## Basic example Let’s begin with a basic example to demonstrate the `\section{*section title*}` command, which marks the beginning of a new section called `*section title*`. Section numbering is automatic and can be customized, or disabled. ```latex \documentclass{article} \usepackage{blindtext} \title{Sections and Chapters} \author{Overleaf} \date{\today} \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction} This is the first section. \blindtext \section{Second Section} This is the second section \blindtext \end{document} ``` [Open this example in Overleaf.](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Basic+document+structure+example\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%5Cusepackage%7Bblindtext%7D%0A%0A%5Ctitle%7BSections+and+Chapters%7D%0A%5Cauthor%7BOverleaf%7D%0A%5Cdate%7B%5Ctoday%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Cmaketitle%0A%5Csection%7BIntroduction%7D%0A%0AThis+is+the+first+section.%0A%0A%5Cblindtext%0A%0A%5Csection%7BSecond+Section%7D%0AThis+is+the+second+section%0A%0A%5Cblindtext%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D) This example produces the following output: ![Sections and chapters example](/files/AOQ9Db5vZ0SpXZn7yz28) ## Document sectioning LaTeX can organize, number, and index chapters and sections of document. There are up to 7 levels of depth for defining sections depending on the document class: | | | | -- | ------------------------------- | | -1 | `\part{part}` | | 0 | `\chapter{chapter}` | | 1 | `\section{section}` | | 2 | `\subsection{subsection}` | | 3 | `\subsubsection{subsubsection}` | | 4 | `\paragraph{paragraph}` | | 5 | `\subparagraph{subparagraph}` | Usually, `\section` is the top-level document command in most documents. However, in reports or books, and similar long documents, this would be `\chapter` or `\part`. ## Numbered and unnumbered sections To get an unnumbered chapter, section, subsection, etc. add an asterisk (`*`) at the end of the command, before the opening curly brace. These will not go into the table of contents. Here is our first example (above) but this time using `\section*` instead of `\section`: ```latex \documentclass{article} \usepackage{blindtext} \title{Sections and Chapters} \author{Overleaf} \date{\today} \begin{document} \maketitle \section*{Introduction} This is the first section. \blindtext \section*{Second Section} This is the second section \blindtext \end{document} ``` [Open this example in Overleaf.](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Example+with+unnumbered+sections\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%5Cusepackage%7Bblindtext%7D%0A%0A%5Ctitle%7BSections+and+Chapters%7D%0A%5Cauthor%7BOverleaf%7D%0A%5Cdate%7B%5Ctoday%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Cmaketitle%0A%5Csection%2A%7BIntroduction%7D%0A%0AThis+is+the+first+section.%0A%0A%5Cblindtext%0A%0A%5Csection%2A%7BSecond+Section%7D%0AThis+is+the+second+section%0A%0A%5Cblindtext%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D) This example produces the following output: ![Example of unnumbered sections](/files/OVrYKYXgr78TbIaW90lO) ### Unnumbered sections in the table of contents To add an unnumbered section to the table of contents, use the `\addcontentsline` command like this: ```latex \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Title of the section} ``` Here is an example using `\addcontentsline` but see the article [Table of contents](/latex/document-structure/02-table-of-contents.md) for further information and examples. ```latex \documentclass{article} \title{Sections and Chapters} \author{Overleaf} \date{\today} \begin{document} \maketitle \tableofcontents \newcommand\shortlorem{Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.} \section{Introduction} This is the first section (numbered). \shortlorem \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Unnumbered Section} \section*{Unnumbered Section} An unnumbered section \shortlorem \section{Second section} The second numbered section. \shortlorem \end{document} ``` [Open this example in Overleaf.](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Example+of+unnumbered+sections+in+the+TOC\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%5Ctitle%7BSections+and+Chapters%7D%0A%5Cauthor%7BOverleaf%7D%0A%5Cdate%7B%5Ctoday%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Cmaketitle%0A%5Ctableofcontents%0A%0A%5Cnewcommand%5Cshortlorem%7BLorem+ipsum+dolor+sit+amet%2C+consectetur+adipiscing+elit%2C+sed+do+eiusmod+tempor+incididunt+ut+labore+et+dolore+magna+aliqua.+Ut+enim+ad+minim+veniam%2C+quis+nostrud+exercitation+ullamco+laboris+nisi+ut+aliquip+ex+ea+commodo+consequat.%7D%0A%0A%5Csection%7BIntroduction%7D%0AThis+is+the+first+section+%28numbered%29.%0A%0A%5Cshortlorem%0A%5Caddcontentsline%7Btoc%7D%7Bsection%7D%7BUnnumbered+Section%7D%0A%5Csection%2A%7BUnnumbered+Section%7D%0AAn+unnumbered+section%0A%0A%5Cshortlorem%0A%0A%5Csection%7BSecond+section%7D%0AThe+second+numbered+section.%0A%0A%5Cshortlorem%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D) This example produces the following output: ![Unnumbered sections in the TOC](/files/cx1OllNDsoeYLZA63IC0) ## Document chapters and sections in a book/report As mentioned before, `\chapter` can be used in books and reports. ### The report class Below you can see an example `report` using text taken the Overleaf article [An Introduction to LuaTeX (Part 1): What is it—and what makes it so different?](/latex/in-depth-articles/07-an-introduction-to-luatex-part-1-what-is-it-and-what-makes-it-so-different.md) ```latex \documentclass{report} \title{Sections and Chapters} \author{Overleaf} \date{\today} \begin{document} \maketitle \tableofcontents \chapter{An Introduction to Lua\TeX} \section{What is it—and what makes it so different?} Lua\TeX{} is a \textit{toolkit}—it contains sophisticated software tools and components with which you can construct (typeset) a wide range of documents. The sub-title of this article also poses two questions about Lua\TeX: What is it—and what makes it so different? The answer to “What is it?” may seem obvious: “It’s a \TeX{} typesetting engine!” Indeed it is, but a broader view, and one to which this author subscribes, is that Lua\TeX{} is an extremely versatile \TeX-based document construction and engineering system. \subsection{Explaining Lua\TeX: Where to start?} The goal of this first article on Lua\TeX{} is to offer a context for understanding what this TeX engine provides and why/how its design enables users to build/design/create a wide range of solutions to complex typesetting and design problems—perhaps also offering some degree of “future proofing” \chapter{Lua\TeX: Background and history} \section{Introduction} Lua\TeX{} is, in \TeX{} terms, “the new kid on the block” despite having been in active development for over 10 years. \subsection{Lua\TeX: Opening up \TeX’s “black box”} Knuth’s original \TeX{} program is the common ancestor of all modern \TeX{} engines in use today and Lua\TeX{} is, in effect, the latest evolutionary step: derived from the pdf\TeX{} program but with the addition of some powerful software components which bring a great deal of extra functionality. \end{document} ``` [Open this example in Overleaf (using `lualatex`)]() This example produces the following output—here we show pages 2–4, where the page images have been overlapped to ease presentation: ![A typical LaTeX report](/files/gsLxY62gmFbcHgtWZU0y) ### The book class The following example reproduces text from the `report` example but with `\documentclass{book}`, containing parts, chapters, sections, subsections and sub-subsections. If you open the example in Overleaf you should see that sub-subsections produced by `\subsubsection` are *not* numbered. That is by design of the `book` class: if you want to change this behavior, add the following command to your document preamble: ```latex \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} ``` ```latex \documentclass{book} \title{Sections and Chapters} \author{Overleaf} \date{\today} \begin{document} \maketitle \tableofcontents \part{History of Lua\TeX} \chapter{An Introduction to Lua\TeX} \section{What is it—and what makes it so different?} Lua\TeX{} is a \textit{toolkit}—it contains sophisticated software tools and components with which you can construct (typeset) a wide range of documents. The sub-title of this article also poses two questions about Lua\TeX: What is it—and what makes it so different? The answer to “What is it?” may seem obvious: “It’s a \TeX{} typesetting engine!” Indeed it is, but a broader view, and one to which this author subscribes, is that Lua\TeX{} is an extremely versatile \TeX-based document construction and engineering system. \subsection{Explaining Lua\TeX: Where to start?} The goal of this first article on Lua\TeX{} is to offer a context for understanding what this TeX engine provides and why/how its design enables users to build/design/create a wide range of solutions to complex typesetting and design problems—perhaps also offering some degree of “future proofing” \chapter{Lua\TeX: Background and history} \section{Introduction} Lua\TeX{} is, in \TeX{} terms, “the new kid on the block” despite having been in active development for over 10 years. \subsection{Lua\TeX: Opening up \TeX’s “black box”} Knuth’s original \TeX{} program is the common ancestor of all modern \TeX{} engines in use today and Lua\TeX{} is, in effect, the latest evolutionary step: derived from the pdf\TeX{} program but with the addition of some powerful software components which bring a great deal of extra functionality. \subsubsection{How Lua\TeX{} processes \texttt{\string\directlua}: A first look} The ⟨code⟩ provided to \verb|\directlua{}| is first converted to tokens using the processes and calculations discussed above; that sequence of tokens is stored in a token list. \end{document} ``` [To see the output, **open this example in Overleaf** (it uses `**lualatex**`)](}|+is+first+converted+to+tokens+using+the+processes+and+calculations+discussed+above;+that+sequence+of+tokens+is+stored+in+a+token+list. \end{document}>) ## Customize chapters and sections You can use the [`titlesec`](https://ctan.org/pkg/titlesec?lang=en) package to customize chapters, sections and subsections style in an easy way. ```latex \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{book} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{titlesec} \titleformat {\chapter} % command [display] % shape {\bfseries\Large\itshape} % format {Story No. \ \thechapter} % label {0.5ex} % sep { \rule{\textwidth}{1pt} \vspace{1ex} \centering } % before-code [ \vspace{-0.5ex}% \rule{\textwidth}{0.3pt} ] % after-code \titleformat{\section}[wrap] {\normalfont\bfseries} {\thesection.}{0.5em}{} \titlespacing{\section}{12pc}{1.5ex plus .1ex minus .2ex}{1pc} \begin{document} \chapter{Let's begin} \section{First Attempt} Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris... \section{Second attempt} Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris... \end{document} ``` [Open this `titlesec` example in Overleaf.](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=titlesec+example\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%5Ba4paper%2C12pt%5D%7Bbook%7D%0A%5Cusepackage%5BT1%5D%7Bfontenc%7D%0A%5Cusepackage%7Btitlesec%7D%0A%0A%5Ctitleformat%0A%7B%5Cchapter%7D+%25+command%0A%5Bdisplay%5D+%25+shape%0A%7B%5Cbfseries%5CLarge%5Citshape%7D+%25+format%0A%7BStory+No.+%5C+%5Cthechapter%7D+%25+label%0A%7B0.5ex%7D+%25+sep%0A%7B%0A++++%5Crule%7B%5Ctextwidth%7D%7B1pt%7D%0A++++%5Cvspace%7B1ex%7D%0A++++%5Ccentering%0A%7D+%25+before-code%0A%5B%0A%5Cvspace%7B-0.5ex%7D%25%0A%5Crule%7B%5Ctextwidth%7D%7B0.3pt%7D%0A%5D+%25+after-code%0A%0A%0A%5Ctitleformat%7B%5Csection%7D%5Bwrap%5D%0A%7B%5Cnormalfont%5Cbfseries%7D%0A%7B%5Cthesection.%7D%7B0.5em%7D%7B%7D%0A%0A%5Ctitlespacing%7B%5Csection%7D%7B12pc%7D%7B1.5ex+plus+.1ex+minus+.2ex%7D%7B1pc%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Cchapter%7BLet%27s+begin%7D%0A%5Csection%7BFirst+Attempt%7D%0A%0ALorem+ipsum+dolor+sit+amet%2C+consectetur+adipiscing+elit%2C+sed+do+%0Aeiusmod+tempor+incididunt+ut+labore+et+dolore+magna+aliqua.+Ut+%0Aenim+ad+minim+veniam%2C+quis+nostrud+exercitation+ullamco+laboris...%0A%0A%5Csection%7BSecond+attempt%7D%0A%0ALorem+ipsum+dolor+sit+amet%2C+consectetur+adipiscing+elit%2C+sed+do+%0Aeiusmod+tempor+incididunt+ut+labore+et+dolore+magna+aliqua.+Ut+%0Aenim+ad+minim+veniam%2C+quis+nostrud+exercitation+ullamco+laboris...%0A%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D) This example produces the following output: ![Titlesecolv2.png](/files/NeM9ic52xk6viafCiEKV) ### titlesec commands There are two general commands: ```latex \titleformat{}[]{}{